Thorndike and Skinner

Edward Throndike

1.Edward Thorndike put a cat in a puzzle box. Outside there was food so the cat had to figure out how to open the box so it could reach the food. this was a huge challenge fot the cat inside the box.
2. the law of effect is the actions or the consequences that will affect you in the future.
3. the law of exercise is the stimulus and the response are related with each other more frequently the response is followed by the stimulus. This is that no one can learn by only watching it is better if the individual can practice the skill.
B.F. Skinner
1. operante conditioning is the reinforcemnet and the punishment that changes your behavior tendancy.
2. reinforcemnts always increases the behavior.
3. punishment always decreases the behavior.
4.positive is something that they give you, and negative is when they take something away.

IVAN PAVLOV & JOHN WATSON

IVAN PAVLOV

1. he wanted to figure out if dogs could salivate without the need to show them any kind of food.
2. His expiremnet consisted of many steps, at first he gave food to the dog, and the dog started to salivate. afterwards he gave the dog food and rang a bell, by doing this many times the dog started to salivate when Pavlov rang the bell even though no food appeared.
3. the conditional stimulus in his expirement was the bell, the unconditional stimulus was the food and the conditional response was the saliva of the dog.
4. extinction in realtion with classical conditioning means gradual weaking or gradual disapearance of the conditional response.
5.stimulus generalizations means a response to a specific stimulus and becomes associated to other stimuli and occurs to those other stimuli.
6. Stimulus discrimination is learning to respond to one stimulus and not another, in relation withclassical conditioning.
7. two limitations of this expiremnet are, that the results with humans could change. also Pavlov had to change the route of salivation glands.
8. pavlov theorized that we learned by association.

JOHN WATSON

1.the little Albert expirement was conducted by steps. at first when he was nine months old Watson exposed the little bay to many things like rat, monkeys, masks with hair and wth no hair, rabbit, dogs etc. two months later they exposed the same creatures to little albert, but they made noisy sounds so he could fear to the creatures shown.
2. the conditionla stimules was the white rat, the unconditional stimuls was the loud nouses, and the conditioned response was the little baby cries.
3. this experiment was unethical and this could never be tested on humans again even worst little babies.
4.The more frequent a stimulus and response to occur in association with each other, the stronger that habit will become.
5.The response that has most recently occurred after a particular stimulus is the response most likely to be associated with that stimulus
6. Watson said that psychology had nothing to do with the mind or humans instead with the behavior, this way people could be studied objectively like lab rats.

WORK CITED:

http://nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/pavlov/readmore.html
http://teachnet.edb.utexas.edu/~Lynda_abbot/Behaviorism.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Albert_experiment

 

Articles about sleep

high school students with a delay start to school
1. this study was authored by Zaw W. Htwe, MD, he worked on Norwalk Hospital's Sleep Disorders Center in Norwalk.
2. this method was to see if students begining school 40 minutes later it would make them be more concentrated throught the classes. he focused on 259 high school students who completed the condensed School Sleep Habits Questionnaire.

3. the findings are that following a 40-minute delay in start time, the students utilized 83 percent of the extra time for sleep.students slept significantly longer on school nights. Total sleep time on school nights increased 33 minutes. this makes students be foucused on each class of the day.

4. in my opinion this is a bad idea and it will be th same. i think this because each student will get use to that schedule and will start to sleep at an even later time of the night. also if you start later you will also finish later, having the same time as before to finish all assigments. the solution for this is less homework every day.

Delayed School Start Time Associated With Improvements in Adolescent Behaviors

1.according to Judith A. Owens, M.D., M.P.H., of the Hasbro Children's Hospital, Providence, and colleagues with the 30 minute delay start the students showed a better behavior during school hours.

2. the studied 201 students from grades ninth to twelve that are froma high school in Rhode isalnd. those students had to complete a survey before and after the school time changed.

3."students reported significantly more satisfaction with sleep and experienced improved motivation. Daytime sleepiness, fatigue and depressed mood were all reduced. Most health-related variables, including Health Center visits for fatigue-related complaints, and class attendance also improved."

4.i do agree with these findings because with the more sleep you get the more concentrate and with better attitude you are throughout the whole day. your body is not that tired as before so it has more energy to do everyday.

Being A Night Owl In High School Is Linked With Lower College GPA

1. Jennifer Peszka, PhD, psychology department chair at Hendrix College in Conway, Ark.,

2. the study was based on the reaction of the students. it was based on 89 students (between 17 and 20 years old) preparing to begin their freshman year and 34 of those students as they completed their freshman year in college.

3. the findings were that "results indicate that evening types had significantly lower first year college GPA (2.84) than morning and intermediate types (3.18). These evening-type students showed a greater decrease in their GPA during the transition from high school to college”(Academy of Sleep).

4. in my opion the amount of sleep will reflect in some way in your GPA for college. and the changes in classes may affect some students with the new schedule in college. being and like an owl may affect your GPA grade. :s

teenagers

Parents have to be more coprhencive all time. we have lots of things in our brain occuring at the same time and they are putting much more pressure in us. i learned that us as teenagers we must get at least nine hours at night to sleep. if we get to sleep the right amount of time at night our body will be awakend and we will be more active. most of our frontal lobe in our teen years is still developing andimproving from time to time. i really learned many things from this video. most of the times i get angry with my family membres is beacuse i think they do not understand me at all and they just want to bother me. but actually all they are trying to do is to help me because they have already been in the teen years. being teenagers is a very difficult stage in my opinion because we have to keep up with many things like friendship or school, ven though our brain is still developing. also trying to avoid peer pressure is very hard, alcohol becamoes a huge problem during this years. time to time our brain will be fully develop and we will understand  and see the world in a different perspective. after teen years parents could become your best friends forever. This video say many true things occuring to every teeanger in the world. Less homework would let us rest even more! :)

How our BRAIN works.

1. the word hemisphere referes to our brain because of the two sides of our brain. htere is the left hemisphere and the right hemishpere, each side with their own responsibilties and duties.
2.the major things that difffer the left side with the right are that the left side of language and process in a logic and sequeltial oreder. and the right side is more as a visual and process intuitive, hollistically and randomly. they both have different job to carry out acticities for your body.
3.corpus collosum is part of the brain that conncets the left and right side cerebral hemispheres which facilitates the comunication.
4. Paul Broca was a very smart french physician. He discovered the Broca area that it is located in the frontal lobe in our brain. After his studies they figured out that it is the part of the brain that makes us speak. He was not only a physician, he was also an anatomist and anthropologist. he made many researched and then named this part of the brain after his last name.
5.Roger sperry was a succesful neuropsychologist, neurobiologist and nobel laureate. He even won a noble medicine prize because of his research about the split brain. he did many research and expiriments before his final answer. he was a very hard working man, he figured about the split brain occurs when the corpus collosum connest to the two cerebral hemispheres.
6. karl Wernicke was an German man that was an physician, anatomist, psychiatrist and neuropathologist. he researched on brain damage especially with language and speech. He figured out that the daage for that results came from the Broca area because his discovery this region is called the wernicke area.
7.The occipital lobe is responsible for the vision.
8.the temporal lobe is responsible for hearing and language.
9. the frontal lobe is reponsible for the math calculations
10. the frontal lobe is most responsible for judgment, reasoning and impulse control?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_callosum
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Broca
http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/sperry/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Wernicke
http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/Structure1.html

PHINEAS GAGE

1.phineas gage was agreat and nice man everyone like to be around. He was an American railroad construction foreman, which had a huge accident one day.

2. Phineas had a huge accident ne day while working hard. a very large iron rod passed through his eye passing part of his brain. the frontal lobe was the part of his brain destroyed. this was caused because of the type of work he did.

3. after this injury occured to Gage he was not the same person everyone liked to be around. He was now a very mean guy. Becasue of his frontal lobe was destroyed his whole personality change a lot and was very mean and rude to everyone at all times. He was a whole new person everyone avioded now.

4. Gage because of his accident was tested and expirimented and help them understand what actually was occuring because of his frontal lobe destroyed. we all learned that without the frontal lbe you an't control your emotions, and your whole personality changes. many people may get really mad because of the harsh and mean thisngs told; because of the frontal lobe destroyed. all brain parts are important and a small mistake in one part may change you to a new person.

5. the idea of brain localization is to know what is incharge of each functions made. every part of your brain has their specific job they have to complete to be a normal person with normal functions of the brain. that way doctors or other specialists know which part of the brain is not working well, and can give you an accurate explanation.

6. brain letarization is saying that the brain is divided in 2 parts, each one with different functions. the left and right part of the brain are not exactly alike.

http://www.neuroskills.com/tbi/bfrontal.shtml
http://facstaff.gpc.edu/~bbrown/psyc1501/brain/loclat.htm
http://www.indiana.edu/~primate/brain.html

Athletic Ability

Why are some people more athletic than others? There could be many reasons explaining that, some athletes just come from a big family that are active in sports and are good at it, they are born with that great ability to make the sport look easy at first sight. Even though some people are very perseverant and practice a lot to make the best and finish accomplishing it. In my opinion having an athletic ability has both nature and nurture. I think this way because of the situation I live, both of my parents have never been good at sports, and neither my brothers are that good for the first instant. For some reason I find sports really easy and I am good at every sport I have tried, so in this case athletic ability is not connecting with nature. I have also seen that my cousin one year younger than me is great at swimming and both of her parents were great at swimming also, my uncle went to the Olympics once, and now my cousin is starting to train for the next Olympics and she is only 14. Genetics plays a lot in this example. So who knows exactly which of them is more accurate in athletic ability? Is it nature or is it nurture.

According to Darrell, "The nature verses nurture issues of sports is very controversial". His examples are based on real and excellent athletic people. As a nurture example he uses the great basketball siblings the Miller’s, if they are both at the same sport meaning they have the ability and the height too play the sport, in that case genetics is somehow connected with the athletic ability. Also genetics is passed by a parent to a son as Ken Griffey Jr. and Ken Griffey Sr. that are “probably the most famous father-son duo in baseball history, both big stars.” Darrell also thinks the opposite of the athletics ability. He also thinks that because of training in a good and way you can create a fabulous athlete. As a great soccer player called Laureano Ruiz says “that 80% of soccer can develop into great athletes with proper training. He also believes that reaching the top is a marathon, not a sprint. In order to develop your true potential, you must work as hard as you can, and commit every bit of your spare time training, striving to become a better player.” So according to Darrell based on his personal research and comments from many athletes, in this case nature and nurture are really important. I you are a great athlete it might because of your genes, but your still have to perfect and fix and tiny you may have.

In conclusion, my hypothesis or thought about the athletic ability was correct according to the research I looked at. Being a person good at sports does not make you skip you practice, practice will make you better, and realize the mistakes, because nobody is perfect. Every single athlete in the world is good because of their trainings even though some have an easier ability to understand and to get things quicker. I came to my conclusion that nature and nurture play a strong role in every athlete of the world.

Darrell, "Expert Football." nature vs Nurture in Sports. N.p., 2009. Web. 8 Sep 2010. <http://expertfootball.com/training/naturevsnurture.php

Nature vs. Nurture

nature and nurture are very diferent from each oter. nature is the genetics which you have born with, like the eye colors, and more physical things. nurture in the other hand is what you grow into, or what you adapt from the enviroment you live in. the first one to use this term, nature and nurture was a man called francis Galton, he was Charles darwin cousin, a realy smart family. world wide there are many topics that are being debated nature vs nurture. Some of this topics are criminal nature, atletic ability, intelligence, homosexual, personality, and much more,but those are the most common ones. They do all thins debate to figure out which as more power in our lives, nature or nurture. The debate is to know if you have been born with a kind  of personality or you develop it while you are growing. those both terms are very different and have being a problem debating on it. Mr. Dougherty belives and says the debators are ralaying more on the enviromental and they have examples from identical twins when oftenly they do not turn out exactly with the same personalities or abilities.in my opinion every single human depends on both. of course somethings depend on nature more, and some depend on nurture, but at the end it has a littlebit of the both. it is interesting to know why you have that personality or your athletic ability, but each person is different,so i think some people may get their ability passed on while others not, so it all depends in nature AND nurture. Both of them together makes a better person.

Charles darwin

Charles Darwin was an English naturalist. He discovered lots of interesting facts of many species. He published a book whcihc established facts about the evolution, it was called the theory of natural selection. He got really stressed becuase his scientific theory was against the religion. He suffered a lot of tradigies during his time of investigation. he was born in 12 February 1809 and died in 19 April 1882.

Charles darwin did a big journey out of England. He got to gather a viariety of different information of the south american fauna, flora and geology. during his long journey he got to see the differnt viarity of species. it  was huge expedition on a boat called the beagle.

Nature selcects who will survive and what does not. Charles found out that the creatures varied depended on the place they lived. if the creature did not have a characterisctic that would help them survive in that habitat, s it would not be able to reprodece it self. His theory said that it all depended on evolution for the benefit for each specie. he named this theory as natural selection.

Charles Darwin while he studied his investiogation about the diferent species had many problems. Charles way of thinking got in huge problems because of the religion. For many years everyone has belived in what the bible says, and changing the way of thinking in those times could create big trouble. Charles may have had offened many people throughout his investigation about revolution. Darwin when he finished his book he had a lot of anguish on publishing his great book. He also found out that someone was coming up with his same theory, and has not been investigating that as he does. eventhough he new he might offend lots of people he knows, he had to publish it. This investigation took him lots of time.

What is Pshcology?

Psychology has to do with the animal and human brain. It also has to do with the mental functions and behaviors of humans and animals. I think studying this is really important because it is your brain, and it is good to understand why people are behaving in a sort of way. In that way you will interact in a more beneficial way to interact with your classmates.